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Why Epstein-Barr is the ‘everything virus’

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K. Bjornevik et alCD4+ T cells reactive to Epstein-Barr virus late lytic antigens are enriched in individuals with multiple sclerosisScience Translational Medicine. 2026. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adz6566

N. Wick et alClinical relevance of circulating blood microaggregates and reactivation of Epstein Barr Virus in long-term Post-CoVID syndrome patientsScientific Reports. 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-42952-8

J. Stewart and B. Damania. Withaferin A inhibits EBV-driven lymphomagenesis through multiple mechanisms, including EBNA1 degradationBlood. 2026. doi: 10.1182/blood.2025029771

F.M. Lum et alMultiple molecular mimics in Epstein Barr Nuclear Antigen-1, and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosisProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2026. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2519445123

S. Younis et alEBV reprograms autoreactive anti-CNS B cells as antigen presenting cells in multiple sclerosis. bioRxiv. 2026. doi: 10.64898/2026.02.11.701910

S.S. Nyeo et alPopulation-scale sequencing resolves determinants of persistent EBV DNANature. 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-10020-2

Y. Yasumizu et alA genetically driven immunologic mechanism underlying the link between EBV and multiple sclerosis. medRxiv. 2026. doi: 10.64898/2025.12.11.25342083

G. Khan and M.J. Hashim. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: global, regional, national and sub-national-level estimates and future projectionsJournal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2025. doi: 10.1007/s44197-025-00353-6

N. Sattarnezhad et alAntibody reactivity against EBNA1 and GlialCAM differentiates multiple sclerosis patients from healthy controlsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2025. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2424986122

A. Vojdani et alAutoimmune responses to myelin-associated proteins as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Associations with human herpesvirus-6 and Epstein-Barr virus reactivationJournal of Advanced Research. 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.02.021

W.H. Robinson et alEpstein–Barr virus as a potentiator of autoimmune diseasesNature Reviews Rheumatology. 2024. doi: 10.1038/s41584-024-01167-9

Y. Wong et alEstimating the global burden of Epstein–Barr virus-related cancersJournal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2022. doi: 10.1007/s00432-021-03824-y

K. Bjornevik et alLongitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosisScience. 2022. doi: 10.1126/science.abj8222

T.V. Lanz et alClonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAMNature. 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04432-7

X. Cui and C.M. Snapper. Epstein Barr virus: development of vaccines and immune cell therapy for EBV-associated diseasesFrontiers in Immunology. 2021. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734471

H.H. Balfour, S.K. Dunmire and K.A. Hogquist. Infectious mononucleosisClinical & Translational Immunology. 2015. doi: 10.1038/cti.2015.1

E.M. Sokal et alRecombinant GP350 vaccine for infectious mononucleosis: a phase 2, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an Epstein‐Barr virus vaccine in healthy young adultsThe Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007. doi: 10.1086/523813

M. Epstein, B. Achong and Y. Barr. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s lymphomaThe Lancet. 1964. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91524-7

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